Introduction
History of consumption of herbal drugs in treatment of diseases goes back to the first human living that has revolted and developed during centuries Fankam Aime and Jules, 2014Rahmatullah et al., 2013. Great tendency of people toward natural treatments, which are harmless, cost-effective, and cultural compatible, has caused extensive use of pharmaceutical plants in Iranian traditional medicine Bahmani et al., 2016Mahomoodally and Fawzi, 2013Mustafa et al., 2017Rouhi-Boroujeni et al., 2017. Although in the past half century, the use of chemical and synthetic drugs has advanced; the adverse effects of these drugs on life have caused a second trend to herbal drugs Li et al., 2011Sarrafchi et al., 2016Tomlinson and Akerele, 2015. Natural substances, extracted from medicinal plants, are reliable sources of procurement of medicines and the original foundation in development of pharmaceutical compounds Ntie-Kang et al., 2013. Herbal drugs have a better general compliance due to low adverse effects Medagama and Bandara, 2014Shayganni et al., 2016. Parasitic diseases infecting humans are important and serious health problems that result in significant effects on individuals and great economic and social costs Akhoundi et al., 2013Belkaid et al., 2002, Conceicao et al., 2016; Gutierrez et al., 2016Mahmoudi et al., 2013Mirzaei et al., 2013Petitdidier et al., 2016Sacks and Perkins, 1984Soares et al., 2017. Various herbal drugs are used for the treatment of parasitic diseases dos Santos Silva, 2014Oliveira et al., 2015Tahir et al., 1998. Leishmaniasis is an important parasitic zoonotic disease in tropical areas, and is considered a neglected disease Ndjonka et al., 2013. Studies and statistics show that about 350 million people worldwide are at risk of being infected with the disease WHO, 2010. Annually, approximately two million new cases of the disease are reported Mohajery et al., 2004. Iran, Algeria, Nicaragua, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Afghanistan, Brazil, Syria, and Saudi Arabia are the inhabitant countries of cutaneous leishmaniasis Gramiccia and Gradoni, 2005. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is the most important parasitic disease in Iran and even in Middle East area Governorate, 1985. Leishmaniasis is a great health catastrophe in Iran Shirazi et al., 2006. In Iran, the regions like Khorasan, Yazd, Bushehr, Fars, Khuzestan, Ilam, and Esfahan have the highest rate of this disease in the country Tabatabaei et al., 2007. Leishmaniasis imposes a great economic burden on the community in developing countries Ashford et al., 2010. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis causes skin lesions with remaining scars. Pentavalent antimonies are used for its treatment, but have high level of adverse effects Mohajery et al., 2004.
Therefore, using herbal drugs with natural source and low adverse effects seems necessary for the treatment of cutaneous Leishmaniasis. In this study, we introduce natural medicines against Leishmaniasis.
Discussion
In this study, it was found that herbal medicines, including Ferula assafoatida, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Allium sativum, Cephalis ipecacuana, Artemisia aucheri and Eucalyptus globulus were medicinal plants effective against Leishmaniasis. In traditional medicine, Asafoetida plant is used against seizures, worms, neural diseases, intestinal dysmotility, renal pain, rheumatism, muscular clench, and hypertension, and for elimination of fatty foods’ harms, as well as for enhancing appetite and memory Lee et al., 2009Leung, 1996Mohammadi, 2009Sadraei et al., 2003. Asafoetida has di-, tri-, and tetra-sulfide, coumarin derivatives, camuonephrole, episamarcandine, amblipernine, carnephrole, azafoetidine, froxolicin, azafoetidinole, saradaferine, and foetidine Abd El-Razek et al., 2001Bandyopadhyay, 2006Banerji et al., 1998Fraga, 1999Kajimoto et al., 1989Kojima et al., 2000Nassar et al., 1995. Eucalyptus has antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidan, anti-infectious, and antispasmatic effects. It is also fever palliative and putative, hypoglycemic and anthelmintic plant Ministry of health and medical education, 2004Zargary, 1996. Eucalyptus plant contains a compound called 1, and 8 cineole or Eucalyptole that is the main composition of this plant Mulyaningsih et al., 2010Oyedeji et al., 1996. Artemisia has astringent property, disinfectant activity, antimicrobial, antiparasite, anti-poisoning, and anti-insect effects AliAbadi et al., 2010AzadBakht, 2003. Artemisia contains scopodreniole, semen, sabinine, cineole, inaleole, eojenole, farenzole, and borneol AliAbadi et al., 2010AzadBakht, 2003. Garlic has cardiovascular effects, prevents cancer, has antidiabetic effects, and anti-microbial activity. The main active ingredient of this plant is called allicin Heinrich and Larry, 1996Leistner and Gorris, 1995. Licorice is used to treat bloating, respiratory infections, peptic ulcers and gastritis. It is also used as antitussive, anti-hepatitis, and anti-tumor agent Baba and Shigeta, 1993Lentihet and Nygren, 1997Sato et al., 1996Li et al., 2011Haraguchi et al., 1998Csuk et al., 2010Fukai et al., 2002. The major component of licorice is glycerisic acid Alan Teck et al., 2007Mehravar, 1991Marzi et al., 1993. Cephalis ipecacuana is used in the treatment of cough, children’s bronchitis, and amoebic diarrhea. This plant has active compounds including emetine, and cephaline Vetrichelvan et al., 1996.
Asafoetida plant with compositions such as di-, tri-, tetra-Sulfide, coumarin derivatives, camuonephrole, episamarcandine, amblipernine, carnephrole, azafoetidine, froxolicin, azafoetidinole, saradaferine, 1, 8 cineole, scopodreniole, semen, sabinine, cineole, inaleole, eojenole, farenzole, borneol, allicin, acid glycerisic, emetine and cephalin has the potential for production of potent drugs against Leishmaniasis.
Other compounds of these plants may also be involved in anti-leishmania activities of these plants. Phenolic compounds are a group of compounds which have been shown to be effective against a wide variety of microbial infections as well as other diseases Hosseinzadeh et al., 2015Lorigooini et al., 2014Lorigooini et al., 2015Ghasemi and Lorigooini, 2016. They should be examined for treatment of Leishmaniasis and for preparation of new drugs.