Review Open Access Logo

The most useful medicinal herbs to treat diabetes

Behzad Moradi 1
Saber Abbaszadeh 1, 2, *
Somayeh Shahsavari 3
Mohsen Alizadeh 1, 2
Fatemeh Beyranvand 1
  1. Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  2. Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
  3. Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
Correspondence to: Saber Abbaszadeh, Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran. Email: [email protected].
Volume & Issue: Vol. 5 No. 8 (2018) | Page No.: 2538-2551 | DOI: 10.15419/bmrat.v5i8.463
Published: 2018-08-21

Online metrics


Statistics from the website

  • HTML Views: 297188
  • PDF Views: 12356
  • XML Views: 0

Statistics from Dimensions

Copyright The Author(s) 2024. This article is published with open access by BioMedPress. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0) which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. 

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome that is characterized by hyperglycemia, change in the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, and in the long term, with eye, kidney, cardiovascular, and neurological complications. Plenty of plants from different regions of the world have been investigated for anti-diabetic effects. This review article was designed to report some of the most important medicinal plants with hypoglycemic properties according to reliable clinical and laboratory evidence, and also touched on the medicinal plants that are prescribed in Iranian traditional medicine, for the treatment of diabetes. The information in this review was obtained from the eligible articles retrieved using the search terms diabetes mellitus, medicinal plants, type 1 diabetes and medicinal plants, type 2 diabetes and medicinal plants, and the effect of extract and essential oil of medicinal plants affecting diabetized tissues in the human body indexed in databases such as Iran medex, Irandoc, ISI, PubMed, Scopus, SID, Magiran, Google Scholar, etc. Based on the results drawn in this review the plants, Urtica, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Allium sativum, Carthamus tinctorius, Ferula assa-foetida, Bauhinia, Gymnema sylvestre, Swertia, Combretum, Sarcopoterium, Liriope, Caesalpinia bonduc, Coccinia grandis, Syzygium cumini, Mangifera indica, Momordica charantia, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Pterocarpus, Tinospora cordifoli, Salvia officinalis, Panax, Cinnamomum verum, Abelmoschus moschatus, Vachellia nilotica, Achyranthes, Fabaceae, Mentha, Asphodelaceae, Andrographis paniculata L, Artemisia herba-alba, Artemisia dracunculus, Azadirachta indica, Caesalpinioideae, Pachira aquatic, Gongronema latifolium, Nigella Sativa, Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi), Chrysanthemum morifolium, Zingiber zerumbet, Symphytum, Cactaceae, Symplocos, Perilla frutescens, Terminalia chebula and Aloe vera are effective to controland treat diabetes.

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome that is characterized by hyperglycemia, change in the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins 1. Diabetes mellitus is the most common chronic and metabolic disease characterized by an increase in glucose levels due to absolute or relative insulin deficiency. The disease is associated with eye, renal, cardiovascular, and neurological complications in the long term. This disease is also associated with symptoms such as polyuria, fatigue, weight loss, delayed wound healing, blurred vision, increases in urine glucose levels, etc. 234. Destruction of beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and consequently development of insulin-dependent diabetes is one of the impairments of the regulation of the immune system. Several environmental and genetic factors affect the immune system, leading to the attack of lymphocytes, especially lymphocytes, and pancreatitis. This inflammatory response may cause insulitis and diabetes 56. There are currently more than 150 million people with diabetes across the globe, which seems to reach 300 million by 2025 7. In the absence of proper treatment, cardiac, vascular, neurological, and renal damage and neuropathy may occur. Treatment includes diet, exercise, and medication 8. Currently, the main and effective treatment for diabetes is the use of insulin and hypoglycemic drugs, but these compounds also have many adverse side effects 9. Medicinal plants have a long history of usage and today, they are being extensively used for various diseases 1011121314. There are several reasons for increasing the use of medicinal plants. Many plants from different parts of the world have been investigated for antidiabetic effects. This review article reported some of the most important medicinal plants with hypoglycemic properties according to reliable clinical and laboratory evidence, and also touched on the medicinal plants that are prescribed, in Iranian traditional medicine, for the treatment of diabetes.

Materials and methods

The information in this review was obtained from the eligible articles retrieved using the search terms , , , , and indexed in databases such as , , , , , , , , etc.

Results

Based on the results drawn in this review the studies, Urtica, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Allium sativum, Carthamus tinctorius, Ferula assa-foetida, Bauhinia, Gymnema sylvestre, Swertia, Combretum, Sarcopoterium, Liriope, Caesalpinia bonduc, Coccinia grandis, Syzygium cumini, Mangifera indica, Momordica charantia, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Pterocarpus, Tinospora cordifoli, Salvia officinalis, Panax, Cinnamomum verum, Abelmoschus moschatus, Vachellia nilotica, Achyranthes, Fabaceae, Mentha, Asphodelaceae, Andrographis paniculata L, Artemisia herba-alba, Artemisia dracunculus, Azadirachta indica, Caesalpinioideae, Pachira aquatic, Gongronema latifolium, Nigella Sativa, Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi), Chrysanthemum morifolium, Zingiber zerumbet, Symphytum, Cactaceae, Symplocos, Perilla frutescens, Terminalia chebula and Aloe vera are effective to control and treat diabetes. The names, families, and used parts of the medicinal plants are summarized in Table 1Table 2Table 3Table 4Table 5. The mechanism of the effect of these drugs is shown in Table 6Table 7.

Table 1

Medicinal herbs and therapeutic information in diabetes

No.Scientific NamePart of plantFamily NameCommon NameOrigin of plantCountryof studyYearResultReference
1 URTICA DIOICA(U. dioica)Leaves

Urticaceae

stinging nettle It is native to Europe, Asia, northern AfricaBangladeshIn vivo2009Aqueous extract of U. dioica leaf improved the glycemia levels in type 2 diabetic rats, which is mediated by the central effect on the functional status of pancreatic beta-cells. 15
2Trigonella foenum graecumSeed

Fabaceae

fenugreek Indian IranIn vivo200515 grams of powdered fenugreek prescribed to patients with type II diabetes is reduced Darqndkhvn sense. 16
3Carthamus tinctoriusFlower

Compositae

Safflower India, the United States and tonnes and KazakhstanIranIn vivo 2016The hydroalcoholic extract of C. tinctorius flower can be used to treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The phytochemical analyses of C. tinctorius flower show that it is a rich source of flavonoids, such as quercetin and kaempferol, that are the causes of antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects of these compounds.17
4Ferula assa-foetidaGum

Apiaceae

Asafoetida Iran and Afghanistan IranIn vivo 2016Due to the presence of antioxidant compounds, F. assafoetida gum can reduce the amount of free radicals in the cell and stimulate the synthesis and secretion of insulin in type 2 diabetes, and hyperplasia of residual pancreatic cells and reduce glucose in the blood.18
5Bauhinia forficataLeaf

Leguminosae

Brazilian orchid tree Argentina, Brazil and PeruIndiaIn vitro2010After 31 days of treatment with decoction, in the type 2 diabetic group, plasma glucose and urinary glucose levels significantly decreased. 19
6Gymnema sylvestre Leaf

Asclepiadaceae

cowplant,central India and Sri LankaIndiaIn vitro 2010The G. sylvestre crude extracts and the compound isolated from it, dihydroxy gymnemic triacetate, exhibit hypoglycemic effect in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in dose- and time-dependent manner. 18

Table 2

Medicinal herbs and therapeutic information in diabetes (Table 1 continued)

No.

Scientific Name

Part of plant

Family Name

Common Name

Origin of plant

Country

Of study

year

Result

Reference

7Swertia puniceaWhole plantGentianaceaeSwertia much of Eurasia and western North America IndiaIn vitro 2010 The action mechanism of hypoglycemic effect of S. punicea was confirmed by the improvement of insulin resistance in the mice with diabetes.18
8Combretum MicranthumLeavesCombretaceaeknown as kinkeliba in Benin,Senegal and known as ‘geza’ in Hausa Africa IndiaIn vitro 2010The hypoglycemic activity of this plant’s extract was tested by using glucose tolerance and fasting blood sugar assessment in normal rats. The aqueous extract of C. micranthum leaf was has potential antidiabetic property for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. 18
9Sarcopoterium spinosumRootRosaceaeS. spinosum southeast Mediterranean region IndiaIn vitro 2010The aqueous extract of S. spinosum root may produce antidiabetic effect on progressive hyperglycemia in genetically diabetic mice. The aqueous root extract of the plant shows insulin-like actions in targets tissues.18
10Liriope spicataLeavesLiliaceaemonkey grass East Asia and china IndiaIn vitro 2010The aqueous extract of the plant caused a marked decrease of fasting blood sugar level and a significant improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic mice, confirming its hypoglycemic effects.18
11Caesalpinia bonducellaSeedsCaesalpiniaceaeGray Nicker india IndiaIn vitro 2007The aqueous and 50% ethanolic extracts of C. bonducella seed showed antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities in streptozotocin-diabetic rats .Both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed potent hypoglycemic activity in chronic type II diabetic models. the antihyperglycemic action of the seed extracts may be due to the blockage of glucose absorption.19
12Coccinia indicaLeaves and shootsCucurbitaceaeGourd Worldwide IndiaIn vitro 2007Oral administration of 500 mg/kg of C. indica leaf produced significant hypoglycemic effects in alloxan-diabetic dogs and increased glucose tolerance in both normal and diabetic dogs. 19

Table 3

Medicinal herbs and therapeutic information in diabetes (Table 1 continued)

No.Scientific NamePart of plantFamily NameCommon NameOrigin of plantCountryOf studyYearResultReference
13Syzygium cuminiSeedsMyrtaceaeJambolanIndian Subcontinent and Southeast AsiaIndiaIn vitro 2007The extract of jamun pulp showed hypoglycemic activity in streptozotocin-diabetic mice within 30 min of administration while the seed of the same fruit needed 24 h. These extracts also inhibited insulinase activity in the liver and kidney. 19
14Mangifera indicaLeavesAnacardiaceaemangoin Bangladesh, India and PakistanIndiaIn vitro 2007The results indicated that aqueous extract of M. indica has hypoglycemic activity. This may be due to a reduction in the intestinal glucose absorption. 19
15Momordica charantiaFruit pulp, seed, leaves and whole plantCucurbitaceaebitter gourdgrown in Asia, Africa, and the CaribbeanIndiaIn vitro 2007Ethanolic extracts of M. charantia (200 mg/kg) showed an antihyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effect in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats.This may be because of inhibition of glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1, 6-biphosphatase in the liver and stimulation of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities. 19
16Salvia nemorosaAerial partLamiaceas.nemorosacentral Europe and Western AsiaIranIn vitro1387These aerial parts of the plant that contain megastigmane glycoside and salvionoside cause a significant increase in insulin levels in diabetic rats compared to healthy rats, and is also responsible for intense insulin activity.20
17GinsengRoots, stalk, leaves,and berriesAraliaceaeAsian ginsengNorth America and in eastern AsiaChinaInvitro2011Ginseng significantly decreased insulin resistance and fasting blood glucose (FBG) in T2DM patients. among 30 cases of T2DM treated with Renshen tangtai, an injection contained Ginseng polypeptide and polysaccharides; 86.7% of the patients showed appreciable effect on diabetic symptoms.21
18Momordica charantiaFruitCucurbitaceaebitter melonAsiaChinaInvivo2011Bitter melon lowered fasting and postprandial serum glucose levels in T2DM patients. Bitter melon exerted a antihyperglycemic Effect by inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), activation of AMPK, increase of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) expression, promotion of the recovery of beta cells And insulin-mimicking action.21

Table 4

Medicinal herbs and therapeutic information in diabetes (Table 1 continued)

No.Scientific NamePart of plantFamily Name

Common Name

Origin of plant

Country

Of study

year

Result

Reference

19Trigonella foenum-graecumLeavesFabaceae Fenugreek Near East andIndianChinaIn vivo2011Combined therapy of total saponins ofFenugreek with sulfonylureas hypoglycemic drug lowered the blood glucose level and ameliorated clinical symptoms in 46 cases of T2DM compared with 23 cases of controls.21
20Allium sativumBulbAmaryllidaceae Garlic central AsiaAfrica, and Europe.ChinaIn vivo2011Garlic had antihyperglycemic and antihyper-Lipidemic Effect in T2DM patients . In the 4-week double-blinded placebo-controlled study in 60 T2DM patients, Garlic lowered FBG. Garlic improved glycemic control through increased insulin secretion and enhanced insulin sensitivity21
21CinnamonWholePlantLauraceae Cinnamomum verum Asia and AfricaChinaInvivo2011cinnamon in the diet of patients with T2DM would reduce risk factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Cinnamon lowered hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) by 0.83% compared with usual care alone lowering HbA1C by 0.37% in patients with T2DM in a randomized, controlled trial.21
22Dendrobium chrysotoxumaerial partsorchidaceae Golden-bow Dendrobium native to Southeast Asia,China In vivo and in vitro2014DC alleviated the increased 1 and phosphorylated p65, I𝜅B, and I𝜅B kinase (IKK) in diabetic rats. Therefore, DC can alleviate DR by inhibiting retinal inflammation and preventing the decrease of tight junction proteins, such as occludin and claudin-1. 22
23Zingiber zerumbetrootZingiberaceae Bitter ginger Asia and indiaTaiwanIn vitroZingiber zerumbet 'rhizome ethanol extracts (ZZRext) After three months of diabetes, the weight gain in STZ-diabetic rats was significantly less when compared with normal rats, and the blood glucose levels were significantly higher The reduction in body weight was not obvious in STZ-diabetic rats receiving ZZRext during the experimental period.23
24Kaempferia parviflorarootZingiberaceae (KP) or Krachaidum belongs orThai ginsengs in ThailandThailandIn vitro2017KP ( Kaempferia parviflora )treatment demonstrated a significant recovery of sexual behaviour and serum testosterone levels in diabetic rats. 24

Table 5

Medicinal herbs and therapeutic information in diabetes (Table 1 continued)

No.Scientific NamePart of plantFamily NameCommon NameOrigin of plantCountryOf studyYearResultReference
25Opuntia megacanthaleavesCactaceaeculinarySouth Africa andSouth AmericaZimbabwe1999invitroAdministration of the leaf extract was also associated with an increased GFR in STZ-diabetic rats. although the rate was unaltered in non-diabetic rats.25
26Symplocos coccineaSeed and leavesSymplocaceae endemic to MexicoIndiaInvitro2014But SCE (hydroethanol Extract of Symplocos cochinchinensis) Administration resulted in a lower plasma level of urea and creatinine in treated groups compared to the diabetic control group This Shows protective property of SCE Against renal damage.26
27perillaLeavesLamiaceae"perilla"America and Asia and EuropeJapanIn vivo2005The flavonoid luteolin from perilla luteolin treatment prevented the development of diabetic nephropathy by significantly lowering BUN and creatinine in diabetic animals. This could be explained that there was increased clearance of blood urea and creatinine by the kidney or that there was decreased protein degradation. Moreover, luteolin also prevented the increase in 24-h urea protein in diabetic rats.27
28Allium sativumSeedAmaryllidaceaeGarlicChina and common seasoning worldwide.IranInvitro2016Garlic extract has the opposite effect on the renal function markers and histopathology of diabetic rats. Since hyperglycaemia causes the diabetic complications, compounds that have hypoglycaemic effects can be effective in reducing of diabetic complications such as renal dysfunction.28
29TerminaliachebulaseedsCombretaceaechebulic myrobalanSouth Asia from India and Nepal east to southwest ChinaCanadaInvitro2006T. chebula is more effectively inhibited the incidence of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy is mainly associated with excess urinary albumin excretion, abnormal renal function as represented by an abnormality in serum creatinine.29
30Aloe vera . BurmleafAsphodelaceaeAloe veraaround the worldTurkeyInvitro2003the function and structure of kidney may be affected by changes in the levels of insulin Diabetic kidney exhibits characteristic changes leadin to renal insufficiency or complete kidney failure. The major alteration was observed especially in the proximal tubules of the kidney tissue in the diabetic animals. The rupturing of the brush border, shows that the structural integrity of the membrane was disrupted.30

Table 6

Antidiabetic mechanism activity of medicinal herbs

Scientific NameMechanismRef.
URTICA DIOICA(U. dioica)The aqueous UD extract plays an important role by improving the morphology and / or function of beta cells. Preventing damage to beta-cell cells, repair damaged beta cells, rebuilding new cells, and stimulating insulin secretion in functional cells is one of the mechanisms of action of the extract of this plant 15
Trigonella foenum graecumThe therapeutic effect of fenugreek seed on diabetes is at least partly due to the direct stimuli of an amino acid called hydroxysolecuine-4 on insulin secretion from beta cells. Following cell damage, the activity of Ca ATPase and Na / K ATPase pumps decreases the consumption of fenugreek seeds by reducing the free radicals, eliminating these disorders. 16
Carthamus tinctoriusThe rich source of flavonoids, such as quercetin and camphorol, is linked to its antioxidant and hypoglycemic activity. 16
Ferula assa-foetidaDue to the presence of antioxidant compounds, gum can reduce the amount of intracellular free radicals and stimulate the synthesis and secretion of insulin or hyperplasia of the remaining beta cells in the pancreas. Anthoczone gum may reduce blood glucose by stimulating the synthesis and secretion of insulin and hyperplasia of the remaining beta pancreatic beta cells. 17
Bauhinia forficataIt is rich in polyphenolic antioxidant compounds, flavonoids, which reduce blood glucose by increasing insulin secretion and inducing glucose transfer through insulin-dependent pathways. 17
Gymnema sylvestreGymnemic acid molecules have a receptor on the surface of the outer layers of the intestine that prevents the absorption of sugar molecules by the intestine, which leads to a decrease in blood sugar levels. 18
Swertia puniceaThe mechanism of action of the Swertia Punicea Glucose Reducing Effect by Improving Insulin Resistance, which increases the absorption and secretion of insulin. 18
Combretum MicranthumStimulates the synthesis and secretion of insulin or hyperplasia of the remaining beta cells in the pancreas. 18
Sarcopoterium spinosumThe blue extract of the root of the Sarcopoterium spinosum plant exhibits activity similar to insulin. 18
Liriope spicataIncreases insulin secretion and absorption, and improves glucose tolerance in the body. 30
Caesalpinia bonducellaIncreases insulin secretion from pancreatic islets. The anti-hyperglycaemic effect of the plant's extracts may be due to blockage of glucose uptake 19
Coccinia indicaThese extracts lowered the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) enzyme activity and reconstituted glucose 6-phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase, which increased in diabetic patients without treatment 19
Syzygium cuminiThe cAMP content increases langerhans, which is associated with increased insulin production. This role plays a role in converting perinsulin to insulin with increased activity of catepsin. It increases the activity of insulin and inhibits the activity of Na / K ATPase from the patient's erythrocytes.19
Mangifera indicaThis may be due to decreased intestinal absorption of glucose. 19

Table 7

Antidiabetic mechanism activity of medicinal herbs(Table 1 continued)

Scientific NameMechanismRef.
Momordica charantiaIt inhibits glucose 6-phosphatase in addition to fructose-1, 6- bis-sepsfatase in the liver and stimulates glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase19
Salvia nemorosaInhibiting insulin secretion in response to glucose stimulation, the plant inhibits insulin resistance.20
GinsengGinseng has a blood glucose-lowering effect that stimulates insulin secretion, protects pancreatic islets, stimulates glucose uptake, and increases insulin sensitivity.21
Momordica charantiaBitter melon increases the anti-hyperglycemic effects by inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), activating AMPK, increasing the expression of type 4 glucose (GLUT4), enhancing beta cellularity and insulin effects.21
Trigonella foenum-graecumIts antihyperglycaemic mechanisms were associated with increased insulin secretion, increased insulin sensitivity, and inhibition of digestion and intestinal carbohydrate intake.21
Allium sativumThese effects are mainly caused by repair of insulin responses and inhibition of glucose intestinal absorption. These effects of the pancreas β result in stimulation of insulin secretion from the cells.21
CinnamonLowering effects work by promoting insulin secretion, increased insulin sensitivity, and increased glucose elimination. Also, cinnamon seemed to have insulin-like effects by regulating PTP1B and insulin receptor kinase.21
DendrobiumchrysotoxumDC Increases expression mRNA Retina in an intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1 ) , Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) , Interleukin (IL-) 6And IL-1β In diabetic rats . Furthermore, DC Reduction of phosphorylationP65 , IκB And kinase IκB (IKK) In Diabetic Rat A.22
Zingiber zerumbetTreatment ZZRext Triggers active nuclear activation _B (NF-_B) , As well as expression of the active protein protein kinase protein p38 (MAPK) In the retina of the diabetic .23
Kaempferia parvifloraExtract KP With increasing protein 1 (UCP1) In the fat tissue of coffee in mice and humans, it increases the cost of energy .24
Opuntia megacanthReduces plasma concentration Na_ , Simultaneously with the reduction of plasma ions concentration . Leaf extract O. megacantha Significantly increased creatinine and plasma urea concentration A.25
Symplocos coccinaeIt increases the activity of aldose reductase and stores glycogen and protein in the muscle.26
perillaHyperglycemia effect of Perila leaf growth factor PLE) is derived, at least in terms of reduced glucose uptake, in the small intestine. Improved tolerance to Glucose PLE may be due to direct inhibition of glucose uptake in the small intestine.27
Allium sativumGarlic stimulates insulin secretion. Effect is by restoration of insulin and inhibition of absorption from intestines and glucose creation.28
TerminalchebulaDue to its significant hypoglycemia, the extract may inhibit the formation of advanced glycosylated products. It is possible to increase the secretion of insulin from beta-lancer cells.29
Aloe vera. BurmThe polyphenols of this plant in the islands β by increasing the stimulation of langerhans cells, more insulin is released, due to the presence of compounds such as flavonoids and glycosides in this plant.30

Discussion

Diabetes is a condition that is characterized by high blood sugar levels. Millions of people worldwide are affected by the disease. Research on diabetes is ongoing. When a person develops diabetes, insulin deficiency or the body's inability to consume it causes the sugar to remain in the blood instead of reaching the cells and producing energy. This excess amount of sugar in the blood causes the blood sugar level to exceed normal level.

Before the discovery of insulin and hypoglycemic drugs, diabetic patients were treated with medicinal plants and traditional treatments. So far, the positive effects of over 1200 herbal drugs in reducing blood glucose levels or the complications due to hyperglycemia have been established. Each plant may have its own effective component to reduce hyperglycemia. However, these plants have been shown to possess antioxidant activities 313233343536. Oxidative stress is involved in development of diabetes and a lot of other diseases 353637383940. Therefore, these plants, at least in part, impose their anti-diabetic activities through this mechanism. Because oxidative stress is the cause of a wide variety of other disease and these plants have antioxidant activity, hence, they may have beneficial effects on other diseases, too 4142434445. It is noteworthy that these plants due to their antioxidant activities and other mechanisms are able to reduce the toxic effects of toxic agents or other drugs 46. However, they themselves may have toxic effects and might be used with caution 47. More importantly a lot of other plans have antioxidant capacity 484950.

Conclusions

Hence, these plants may also have anti-diabetic activities and/or can reduce diabetes complications.

Open Access

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CCBY4.0) which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.

List of abbreviations

Diabetes: Diabetes mellitus

Competing interests

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Authors’ contributions

All authors searched, studies, reviewed and contributed to the design of the research. All authors reviewed, commented and approved the final draft.

Acknowledgments

The present study was supported by Lorestan University of Medical Sciences. We cordially thank of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Iran.

References

  1. Eriko ISHIHARA, Toshihiro MIURA, Nobuko SHINYA, Masaru USAMI. Effect of the water extract of perilla leaves on glucose metabolism in diabetic rats. Suzuka University of Medical Science, Bulletin 2005; 1279-84.
  2. Nalamolu Koteswara Rao, Srinivas Nammi. Antidiabetic and renoprotective effects of the chloroform extract of Terminalia chebula Retz. seeds in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC complementary and alternative medicine 2006; 617-
  3. N. Ziamajidi, A. Nasiri, R. Abbasalipourkabir, S. Sadeghi Moheb. Effects of garlic extract on TNF-α expression and oxidative stress status in the kidneys of rats with STZ + nicotinamide-induced diabetes. Pharmaceutical Biology 2017; 55526-31.
  4. K. A. Antu, M. P. Riya, A. Mishra, S. Sharma, A. K. Srivastava, K. G. Raghu. Symplocos cochinchinensis attenuates streptozotocin-diabetes induced pathophysiological alterations of liver, kidney, pancreas and eye lens in rats. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 2014; 66281-91.
  5. P. Bwititi, C. T. Musabayane, C. F. Nhachi. Effects of Opuntia megacantha on blood glucose and kidney function in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2000; 69247-52.
  6. T Lert‐Amornpat, C Maketon, W Fungfuang. Effect of Kaempferia parviflora on sexual performance in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic male rats. Andrologia 2017; 49e12770-
  7. T. F. Tzeng, T. Y. Hong, Y. C. Tzeng, S. S. Liou, I. M. Liu. Consumption of polyphenol-rich Zingiber Zerumbet rhizome extracts protects against the breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier and retinal inflammation induced by diabetes. Nutrients 2015; 77821-41.
  8. Zengyang Yu, Chenyuan Gong, Bin Lu, Li Yang, Yuchen Sheng, Lili Ji, Zhengtao Wang. Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl. alleviates diabetic retinopathy by preventing retinal inflammation and tight junction protein decrease. Journal of diabetes research 2015; 2015
  9. M. Das , B.P. Sarma , A.K. Khan , M. Mosihuzzaman , N. Nahar , L. Ali, A. Bhoumik , B. Rokeya . The antidiabetic and antilipidemic activity of aqueous extract of Urtica dioica L. on type2 diabetic model rats. Journal of Bio-Science 2009; 171-6.
  10. H Fallah Huseini, H Fakhrzadeh, B Larijani, AH Shikh Samani. Review of anti-diabetic medicinal plant used in traditional medicine. Journal of Medicinal Plants 2006; 11-8.
  11. Moghaddam Salahi. Medical Climatology of Iran. Journal of Army University of Medical Sciences 2012; 249-
  12. M Upendra Rao, M Sreenivasulu, B Chengaiah, K Jaganmohan Reddy, C Madhusudhana Chetty. Herbal medicines for diabetes mellitus: a review. Int J PharmTech Res 2010; 21883-1892.
  13. C. J. Bailey, C. Day. Traditional plant medicines as treatments for diabetes. Diabetes Care 1989; 12553-64.
  14. Sadeghzadeh F, Eidi A, Parivar K, Mazooji A. Hypoglycemic Effect of Alcoholic Extract of Salvia nemorosa in Normal and Diabetic Male Rats. Pejouhesh dar Pezeshki (Research in Medicine) 2008; 32233-238.
  15. Weidong Xie, Yunan Zhao, Yaou Zhang. Traditional chinese medicines in treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011; 2011
  16. GB Kavishankar, N Lakshmidevi, S Mahadeva Murthy, HS Prakash, SR Niranjana. Diabetes and medicinal plants-A review. Int J Pharm Biomed Sci 2011; 2 (3) : 65-80.
  17. S. N. Davis. Insulin, Oral Hypoglycemic Agents, and the Pharmacology of Endocrine Pancreas. Goodman and Gilman’s the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 2006; 1487-518.
  18. Dipa Islam, Amdadul Huque, Sheuly , Liton Chandra Mohanta, Sadhan Kumar Das, Abida Sultana, Evena Parvin Lipy , U. K. Prodhan. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Nelumbo nucifera flower in Long-Evans rats. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology 2018; 7148-54.
  19. M. Rahimi-Madiseh, P. Karimian, M. Kafeshani, M. Rafieian-Kopaei. The effects of ethanol extract of Berberis vulgaris fruit on histopathological changes and biochemical markers of the liver damage in diabetic rats. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 2017; 20552-6.
  20. N. M. Pakkir Maideen, R. Balasubramaniam. Pharmacologically relevant drug interactions of sulfonylurea antidiabetics with common herbs. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology 2018; 7200-10.
  21. S. Kazemi, H. Shirzad, M. Rafieian-Kopaei. Recent findings in molecular basis of inflammation and anti-inflammatory plants. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2018; 241551-62.
  22. M. Rahimi-Madiseh, E. Heidarian, S. Kheiri, M. Rafieian-Kopaei. Effect of hydroalcoholic Allium ampeloprasum extract on oxidative stress, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 2017; 86363-7.
  23. J. P. Boyle, A. A. Honeycutt, K. M. Narayan, T. J. Hoerger, L. S. Geiss, H. Chen. Projection of diabetes burden through 2050: impact of changing demography and disease prevalence in the U.S. Diabetes Care 2001; 241936-40.
  24. F. Azizi, H. Hatami, M. Janghorbani. Epidemiology and Control of Common Disease In Iran 2007; 32-55.
  25. E. James. Graham, Diane G, Stoebner May, Glenn V, Health Related Quality Of Life In Older Mexican Americans With Diabetes. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2007; 51-7.
  26. F. Jamshidi-Kia, Z. Lorigooini, H. Amini-Khoei. Medicinal plants: past history and future perspective. 2018; 71-7.
  27. M. Asadi-Samani, N. Bagheri, M. Rafieian-Kopaei, H. Shirzad. Inhibition of Th1 and Th17 cells by medicinal plants and their derivatives: a systematic review. Phytotherapy Research 2017; 311128-39.
  28. S. Karami, M. Roayaei, H. Hamzavi, M. Bahmani, H. Hassanzad-Azar, M. Leila. Isolation and identification of probiotic Lactobacillus from local dairy and evaluating their antagonistic effect on pathogens. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation 2017; 7137-41.
  29. Z. Rabiei, M. Gholami, M. Rafieian-Kopaei. Antidepressant effects of Mentha pulegium in mice. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology 2016; 11711-5.
  30. L. Jalaly, G. Sharifi, M. Faramarzi, A. Nematollahi, M. Rafieian-kopaei, M. Amiri. Comparison of the effects of Crataegus oxyacantha extract, aerobic exercise and their combination on the serum levels of ICAM-1 and E-Selectin in patients with stable angina pectoris. Daru : Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences 2015; 2354-
  31. Sehnaz Bolkent, Nuriye Akev, Nurten Ozsoy, Meliha Sengezer-Inceli, Ayse Can, Alper Okyar, Refiye Yanardag. Effect of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. fil. leaf gel and pulp extracts on kidney in type-II diabetic rat models. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 2004; 4248-52.
  32. A. Sarrafchi, M. Bahmani, H. Shirzad, M. Rafieian-Kopaei. Oxidative stress and Parkinson’s disease: new hopes in treatment with herbal antioxidants. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2016; 22238-46.
  33. A. Baradaran, H. Nasri, M. Rafieian-Kopaei. Erythropoietin and renal protection. Daru : Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences 2013; 2178-
  34. M. Setorki, B. Nazari, S. Asgary, L. Azadbakht, M. Rafieian-Kopaei. Anti atherosclerotic effects of verjuice on hypocholesterolemic rabbits. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2011; 51038-45.
  35. H. Shirzad, M. Shahrani, M. Rafieian-Kopaei. Comparison of morphine and tramadol effects on phagocytic activity of mice peritoneal phagocytes in vivo. International Immunopharmacology 2009; 9968-70.
  36. S. Asgari, M. Setorki, M. Rafieian-Kopaei, E. Heidarian, N. Shahinfard, R. Ansari. Postprandial hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of Allium hertifolium and Sesamum indicum on hypercholesterolemic rabbits. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2012; 61131-5.
  37. M. Rahimi-Madiseh, Z. Lorigoini, H. Zamani-Gharaghoshi, M. Rafieian-Kopaei. Berberis vulgaris: specifications and traditional uses. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 2017; 20569-87.
  38. Z. Rabiei, M. Rafieian-Kopaei, S. Mokhtari, M. Shahrani. Effect of dietary ethanolic extract of Lavandula officinalis on serum lipids profile in rats. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2014; 131295-301.
  39. M. Bahmani, A. Sarrafchi, H. Shirzad, S. Asgari, M. Rafieian-Kopaei. Cardiovascular toxicity of cyclooxygenase inhibitors and promising natural substitutes. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2017; 23952-60.
  40. S. Asgary, A. Sahebkar, M. R. Afshani, M. Keshvari, S. Haghjooyjavanmard, M. Rafieian-Kopaei. Clinical evaluation of blood pressure lowering, endothelial function improving, hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects of pomegranate juice in hypertensive subjects. Phytotherapy Research 2014; 28193-9.
  41. Z. Rabiei, S. Naderi, M. Rafieian-Kopaei. Study of antidepressant effects of grape seed oil in male mice using tail suspension and forced swim tests. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology 2017; 12397-402.
  42. M. Bahmani, A. Sarrafchi, H. Shirzad, M. Rafieian-Kopaei. Autism: pathophysiology and promising herbal remedies. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2016; 22277-85.
  43. H. Rouhi-Boroujeni, E. Heidarian, H. Rouhi-Boroujeni, F. Deris, M. Rafieian-Kopaei. Medicinal plants with multiple effects on cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2017; 23999-1015.
  44. E. Shayganni, M. Bahmani, S. Asgary, M. Rafieian-Kopaei. Inflammaging and cardiovascular disease: management by medicinal plants. Phytomedicine 2016; 231119-26.
  45. A. Karimi, M. Mohammadi-Kamalabadi, M. Rafieian-Kopaei, L. Amjad, I. Salimzadeh. Determination of antioxidant activity, phenolic contents and antiviral potential of methanol extract of Euphorbia spinidens Bornm (Euphorbiaceae). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2016; 15759-64.
  46. E. Heidarian, M. Rafieian-Kopaei. Protective effect of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaf extract against lead toxicity in rat. Pharmaceutical Biology 2013; 511104-9.
  47. S. Asgharzade, M. Rafieian-Kopaei, A. Mirzaeian, S. Reiisi, L. Salimzadeh. Aloe vera toxic effects: expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in testis of Wistar rat. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 2015; 18967-73.
  48. N. Hajian, Z. Rezayatmand, K. Shahanipur. Preventive effects of Allium hirtifolium Boiss methanolic and aqueous extracts on renal injury induced by lead in rats. 2018; 7155-9.
  49. M. Bahmani, A. Zargaran, M. Rafieian-Kopaei. Identification of medicinal plants of Urmia for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 2014; 24468-80.
  50. S. Karami, M. Roayaei, E. Zahedi, M. Bahmani, L. Mahmoodnia, H. Hamzavi. Antifungal effects of Lactobacillus species isolated from local dairy products. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation 2017; 777-81.

Comments