Introduction

Prostatic carcinoma is one of the most common carcinomas among men throughout the world and is the second most common cause of cancer death in men after lung carcinoma 123456.

Ever since the Gleason score (GS) system (Table 1) was introduced back in 1966, it has had a great impact on reporting and prognosis of prostatic carcinoma. The system also predicts local recurrence or distant metastasis in patients receiving no treatment, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, radical prostatectomy, and other forms of treatment.

The original Gleason score system was based only on the architectural pattern of tumors per se using a five-point scale system with pattern 1, 2 and 3 closely resembling a normal prostate gland while pattern 4 and 5 showing an increase in number and abnormality in glandular architectures 8910. A unique feature about this system was that instead of assigning the worst grade as the carcinoma grade, the Gleason grade was defined as the sum of two most common patterns of cancer and reported as Gleason score. After multiple research and studies by Gleason and Mellinger, they described Gleason pattern 4 as fused glands frequently with pale cells which may resemble hypernephroma of the kidney 117.

A conference was convened in 2005 by The International society of urological pathology (ISUP) to achieve consensus in controversial areas in the Gleason system 7. After discussion, 2005 ISUP Modified Gleason system was introduced (Table 2)712. Differences between the original Gleason system and the 2005 ISUP modified Gleason system are listed in Table 37.

The decision-making criteria for active surveillance were still not clear-cut with 2005 ISUP Modified Gleason system. Gleason score less than or equal to 6 on core needle biopsy (CNB) yielded a higher Gleason score than in the resected prostatectomy (RP) specimen. Another major pitfall of 2005 ISUP Modified Gleason system was that the GS 7 includes both 3+4 and 4+3. However, studies have shown a better clinical outcome for patients with 3+4 versus 4+3. Moreover Gleason score 3+3 was considered as intermediate risk, even though the GS 6 is the lowest score used by pathologists in reporting prostate biopsy 713.

The 2014 ISUP Gleason score and Gleason grade groups (GG) system were introduced to overcome the 2005 Gleason score pitfalls. The new system includes Gleason grade groups ranging from 1 to 5 (Table 4) 1415. This adjustment provides a higher consistency between RP specimen and core biopsy. It has redefined the pattern 4 and introduced new grade groups for better prediction of prognosis of prostate cancer 13.

The objective of the study is to evaluate the impact of the new 2014 ISUP Modified Gleason System and Gleason grading in reporting prostatic carcinoma.

Methods

This study is a Retrospective study. All cases reported as Adenocarcinoma prostate from January 2013 to July 2018 in the Pathology department in coordination with the Department of Urology at R.L. Jalappa Hospital and Research Centre attached to Sri Devraj Urs Medical College, Tamaka, Kolar were included in the study. The patient details were collected from case files of hospital record section.

All Prostatic Needle biopsy (NB), Transurethral resection of the prostate (TUPR) and resected prostate (RP) specimens diagnosed as Adenocarcinoma of prostate were included in the study. All NB, TUPR and RP specimens diagnosed other than Adenocarcinoma of prostate and patients who had received chemotherapy, radiotherapy or any other mode of treatment before biopsy were excluded from the study. NB, TURP and RP specimen microslides which were previously reported using the 2005 Gleason score were retrieved from the Department of Pathology and reclassified by the consultant pathologist and resident of Pathology according to the 2014 International society of urological pathology (ISUP) consensus conference (Table 5) and the newer Gleason Grade (GG) group system criteria (Gleason grade 1 to 5) (Table 6) 141516. The findings were compared with the reports signed out previously using the 2005 Gleason score.

Results

Age distribution of patients ranges from 40 to 82 years with the mean age of 70 years. A total of 33 cases were studied. As per the Gleason score according to newer guidelines from the 2014 International society of urological pathology (ISUP) consensus conference and the newer Gleason Grade (GG) group system criteria (Gleason grade 1 to 5), the Gleason grade 1,2,3,4 and 5 constituted 3.03%, 18.18%, 15.15%, 15.15% and 48.49% of cases respectively (Table 5Table 6).

All the cases were also classified into three different categories according to older Clinical risk stratification (Table 7) and compared with the newer Gleason grade groups ( Table 8)13. Low-risk, Intermediate-risk, and high-risk category constituted 21.21%, 27.27% and 51.52% of cases respectively.

Discussion

Prostatic carcinoma is one of the most common carcinomas among men throughout the world and ranks second among cancer deaths in males after lung carcinoma 123456. The incidence and prevalence of prostate carcinoma vary in different regions of the world, with the lowest in South Asia and the highest in North America 6.

It is observed that one out of six men is having probably of getting diagnosed with Prostatic carcinoma in his lifetime. It has various clinical behaviors, from insignificant cancers which are discovered incidentally to very aggressive cancers. The diagnosis of the prostatic carcinoma is based on the invasion of the basement membrane of an individual gland by cancerous cells, and the grading is done according to the architectural pattern of the glands 17.

In 1966 Gleason had created a unique system of grading the prostatic carcinoma based solely on the architectural pattern. They used a five-point scoring system (Table 1). According to this scoring system grade 1, 2 and 3 represented the pattern which closely resembles the normal architecture of a healthy prostatic gland. Pattern 4 and 5 represented an increasingly abnormal architecture of the glands 7. After multiple revisions, Gleason and Mellinger in association with Veterans Administration Cooperative Urological Research Group presented a new scoring system which is now known as the Original Gleason grading system. The unique feature about this system was that rather assigning the worst or highest grade to carcinoma in one specimen, the grading was defined as the total of two most commonly occurring patterns and finally reported as Gleason score 7.

The original Gleason score system had some controversial areas such as overgeneralization of the grading system, confusion in definition of patterns, confusion in reporting of the secondary grade whether it is lower or higher grade present in limited extent, concept, and controversies in reporting, importance of tertiary Gleason pattern, advantages, and importance of percent pattern 4 and 5. In addition, reporting of needle biopsy with different grades of tumor in different cores. The ISUP convened a conference in San Antonio in 2005 to address these issues. This conference led into the newer “2005 ISUP Modified Gleason System” (Table 2). The 2014 ISUP Gleason score and Gleason grade groups (GG) system was introduced to overcome 2005 Gleason score pitfalls. It has redefined the pattern 3 and 4 and introduced new GG groups (Table 4) 71415for better prediction of prognosis of prostate cancer 13.

According to the 2014 ISUP conference, Gleason pattern 3 (Figure 1) is defined as well-formed glands of varying size which also includes branching glands. Pattern 3 glands should form discrete units, such that one can draw a full circle around individual glands. Small glands now also accepted as pattern 3 if they are well formed and not fused. Pattern 3 glands are readily recognizable at scanner 40x magnification). Pattern 4 (Figure 2) glands are defined as poorly formed, fused or cribriform glands. In the original grading system, the regular and rounded cribriform patterns were included in pattern 3, but now they are recognized as pattern 4. Scores 2 to 5 are no longer assigned in the new Gleason grade group system 13.

In the present study, we have revisited 33 prostatic carcinoma microslides and recategorized according to the new definition and criteria laid by 2014 ISUP conference (Table 5Table 6). The new definition of pattern 3 and pattern 4 had a major impact on histopathology reporting of prostatic adenocarcinoma. We observed that most of prostatic adenocarcinomas with the cribriform pattern were reported as score 3 due to lack of precise definition. Most of these cribriform patterns were non-complex. Due to the strict criteria for pattern 3 laid by 2014 ISUP conference, there was an overall decrease in reporting of score 6 and the same are now graded as score 7 or 8 because of the inclusion of all types of the cribriform pattern (Complex or non-complex) in the pattern 4. In this study, there was a marked decrease (80%) in reporting of Gleason score 6. Among these reclassified cases, 80% of the cases were graded as score 7, and 20% of the cases were graded as score 8. There is also a 28.57% decrease in reporting of Gleason score 8 and 60% increase in reporting of Gleason score 9 due to the new criteria of the pattern 4.

According to Jennifer G , the consequence of considering all cribriform pattern and poorly formed glands as pattern 4 which was considered pattern 3 previously is that the new score 6 will have fewer cases and better prognosis compared to the old score 6, and there is also an increase in the number of score 7 tumors 13.

In the old clinical risk stratification (Table 7) the intermediate group consisted of all tumors with score 7 including both score 3+4 and score 4+3. Accordingly, in this study, 27.27% of tumors were categorized as the intermediate risk group. Several studies have suggested that score 4+3 shows poorer prognosis compared to score 3+4 and that is why in 2014 modified Gleason grade (GG) group system both 3+4 tumors and 4+3 tumors were classified in different groups as GG group 2 and 3 respectively 131617. In this study, we experienced that the new definition of pattern 3 and pattern 4 with the inclusion of new Gleason grade groups had a major impact on intermediate risk groups which is now divided into GG2 and GG3 according to the predominant pattern. Accordingly, when the intermediate group was reclassified as per the GG group system, GG 2, 3, 4 and 5 constituted 11.11%, 44.45%, 33.33%, and 11.11% of cases respectively (Table 8).

A study done by Paolo Dell’oglio. reported that 33.33% cases (3311/9728 cases) were in the intermediate group and when these cases were reclassified according to the GG group system, GG 2 and GG 3 had 71.77% and 28.23% of the cases respectively 18. This states that the old clinical risk stratification is very vague and misleading. These findings are compared to the findings of the present study in Table 9.

A study done in 2016 by Jennifer G et al. stated that the five-year biochemical risk-free survival for the new GG groups based on radical prostatectomy were 96%, 88%, 63%, 48%, and 26% respectively. This finding suggested that the new GG group system is more uniform and accurate in which grade 1 (least grade) have the best prognosis or least recurrence, and grade 5 (highest grade) have the worst prognosis or highest recurrence 13.

2014 ISUP conference has redefined the patterns 3 and 4 by which the difference between these two patterns is now more precise and clear. The new Gleason grading system is more precise and accurate in predicting the prognosis of prostatic carcinoma. However, this system still has certain limitations and pitfalls, which require further revision.

The limitations of this study are those only prostatic biopsy and TURP chips were considered for the study, there were no RP specimens in the study which may not completely reflect the actual tumor grade. In addition, the numbers of cases are small. Larger sample size is required for a more definite conclusion. However, the present study showed the advantage of using the new 2014 ISUP GG group system which accurately predicts the prognosis of patients.

Conclusions

While the old clinical risk stratification was not well defined, the new 2014 ISUP GG group system is prognostically more useful which can reassure that grade group 1 has better survival and they can be followed with active surveillance. Moreover, according to the old risk stratification groups, two diverse groups of patient (Pattern 3+4 and pattern 4+3) were categorized in the intermediate risk stratification group. However, it has been reported that the patients with pattern 3+4 have a better prognosis than the patients with pattern 4+3, which is the reason why they should be reclassified into GG2 and GG3 respectively. This reclassification is more effective in deciding the prognosis of the patients.

Abbreviations

CNB: Core needle biopsy

GG: Gleason Grade

GS: Gleason Score

ISUP: International society of urological pathology ISUP

NB: Needle biopsy

RP: Resected prostate

TURP: Transurethral resection of the prostate

Competing Interests

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Authors' Contributions

Manan B Shah: Data collection, drafting the research proposal, editing.

Kalyani Raju: Concept, drafting the research proposal, editing & final checking.

Harish Kumar G: Surgeon, editing.